Natural Phenomenon

Foreword

Gilbert Stuart K. Card , in Designing with the Mind in Take care (Second Variant), 2014

Many natural phenomena are easy to sympathise and tap by simple observation or modest tinkering. Zero science needed. But some, like capacitance, are much less obvious, and then you really need scientific discipline to understand them. In some cases, the HCI system that is built generates its own phenomena, and you take science to sympathise the unexpected, emergent properties of seemingly obvious things. People sometimes believe that because they can buoy intuitively empathize the easy cases (e.g., with usability testing), they can understand completely the cases. Just this is not necessarily true. The natural phenomena to be victimized in HCI ambit from abstractions of computing, much as the belief of the working set, to psychological theories of human noesis, perception, and movement, so much as the nature of sight. Psychology, the arena addressed by this hold, is an area with an specially messy and at times contradictory literature, but information technology is too especially abundant in phenomena that can be exploited for HCI applied science.

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Time, Anthropology of

E.K. Silverman , in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences, 2001

1 UT

Certain natural phenomena appear to be universally temporalized in footing of periodicity and, in some but not all cultures, progressive quantification: the human lifecycle and bodily processes (e.g., menstruation), seasonality, celestial patterns, day/night, and so forth. The same is true for the reproduction of social group order by generation and various social and kinship groups. Each societies regularly coordinate labor, occasionally punctuate the tempo of everyday life with religious ritual, and envision some character of past, present tense, and future. Organization arrangements of days, weeks, months, and years are also universal—but, again, not everywhere counted. In anthropological possibility, time is implicitly interpreted to be positional notation. For instance, all cultures accommodate abstract categories and linguistic terms for duration and sequence, which are often aforementioned to be the basic forms of time. Strip (1961) proposed that time is a social construction nonmoving in two basic homo experiences: the repetitions of nature, and the irreversibility of aliveness. Many anthropologists contend that all societies possess both incremental/linear/irreversible and unpredictable/circular/repetitive forms of prison term—which are not necessarily antithetical since time cycles bum return to the 'same logical, non temporal, point' (Howe 1981). While Farriss (1987) claims that any unmatchable mode throne incorporate the early, Leach proposes that all religions abnegate the finality of human mortality by subsuming linear time under a cyclical framework. Birth and last get on two phases of an eternal succession. Leach also claimed that time is everywhere a 'episode of oscillations between polar opposites.' This temporal pendulum is related to basic sociological processes such as reciprocal giving-substitution and marriage. Much recently, Gell (1992) argued that every last culture-specific patterns of temporalty are variations of two cognitive modes: an A-series which orders events according to relative notions of pastness, presentness, and futurity, and a B-series of inalienable before/after.

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Appurtenant Equipment in CCTV

Vlado Damjanovski , in CCTV (Third Edition), 2014

Lightning protectors

Lightning is a uncolored phenomenon most which there is not a good deal we can act up to forestall. Lightning induces strong magnetic force forces in copper cables. The nearer it is the stronger the induction is. PTZ sites are peculiarly vulnerable because they have copper video, big businessman and keep in line cables concentrated in the one area. A keen and proper earthing is powerfully recommended in areas where intensive lightning occurs, and of course of study surge arresters (also called spark or lightning arresters) should glucinium put at heart all the system channels (control, video, etc.). Most good PTZ site drivers experience spark arresters made-up in at the information input terminals and/or galvanic isolation through the communication transformers.

A sweet-talk lightning shielde

Spark arresters are special devices successful of two electrodes, which are connected to the two ends of a broken cable, housed in a special gas thermionic valv that allows excessive voltage induced by lightning to discharge through and through IT. They are helpful, but they set not offer 100% protection.

An pivotal characteristic of lightning is that it is touch-and-go not only when it straight off hits the camera Beaver State cable merely also when it strikes within close range. The probability of having a direct lightning hit is around zero. The more prospective situation is that lightning will strike walking by (within a couple of hundred meters of the camera) and induce high voltage altogether copper wires in the vicinity. The induction produced by such a dismissal is sufficient to cause irreparable terms. Lightning measure over 10,000,000 V and 1,000,000 A are possible so one can think the induction it pot create.

Again, as with the ground loops, the Charles Herbert Best shelter from lightning is using a fibre-optic cable; with no metal connection, no induction is possible.

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Taxonomy and Framework for Integrating Dependableness and Security1

Jiankun Hu , ... Zahir Tari , in Information Pledge, 2008

Nonhuman-made faults (NHMF).

NHMF refers to faults caused by natural phenomena without human involution. These are physical faults caused aside a system's internal natural processes (e.g., physical deterioration of cables or circuitry), or away external earthy processes. The latter ones originate outside a system but cross system boundaries and affect the hardware either directly, such as radiation syndrome, or via user interfaces, such as input noise [7]. Communication faults are an important part of the picture. They can also be caused by natural phenomena. For example, in communication systems, a radio transmitting message can Be destroyed by an outer space radiation burst, which results in system faults, merely has nothing to do with system hardware or software faults. So much faults sustain not been discussed before in the existing lit.

From above discussions, we propose the following basic fault classes, American Samoa shown in Figure 6.5. From these elementary fault classes, we can construct a tree representation of various faults, as shown in Figure 6.6.

FIGURE 6.5. Elementary fault classes.

FIGURE 6.6. Tree representation of faults.

Figure 6.7 shows diametric types of availability faults. The Binary arithmetic operation block performs either "OR" surgery "And" operations or both happening the inputs. We provide various examples to explain the above structure. We consider the instance when the Binary arithmetic operation box is performing "Or" operations. F1.1 (a despiteful attempt fault with intent to availability terms) joint with software faults testament cause an availableness fault. A typical example is the Zotob virus that can chair to shutting down the Windows mathematical operation system of rules. It gains access to the system via a software fault (buffer overflow) in Microsoft's plug-and-toy with software, and attempts to establish permanent access code to the organization (back door). F1.1 in combination with ironware faults can also cause an availability fault. F7 (natural faults) can stimulate an availableness fault. F1.1 and F8 (networking protocol) put up cause a denial of service fault. Cypher 6.8 shows the types of integrity faults.

Chassis 6.7. Elaborate social organization of S1.

FIGURE 6.8. Detailed structure of S2.

The interpretation of S2 is similar to that of S1. The compounding of F1.2 and F2 can alter the function of the software program and mother an integrity fault. Combination F1.2 and F4 hindquarters generate a person-in-the-middle attack and thus on. Figure 6.9 shows types of confidentiality faults.

FIGURE 6.9. Detailed structure of S3.

The interpretation of S3 is very interchangeable to those of S1 and S2. Combination of F1.3 and F2 keister generate a spying type of virus that steals users' logins and passwords. Information technology is easy to deduce past combinations.

Like a sho let us look at the complex case of a Dardanian horse. The Trojan horse may remain unagitated for a long meter or tied forever, and then it will not cause Robert William Service failure during the tranquillity period. This is hard to model by conventional frameworks. Within our framework, we need to observe cardinal factors first for the classification. The first base constituent is the consequence of introducing the Trojan horse, that is, whether it causes a fault or compounding of faults, such Eastern Samoa availability, integrity, and confidentiality faults. If in that respect is no consequence (i.e., No table service deviation computer error) after introducing it then it is not considered As a fault. This conforms to the basic definition of faults. The s factor is whether the trespass belongs to a malicious attempt. Apparently, a network CAT scan by the system of rules administrator is not considered arsenic a fault. When the objective of a Trojan sawbuck is not malicious and information technology never affects system service, it is non considered as a fault in our framework. Such scenarios have not been addressed properly in many other frameworks where exploit-type activities are defined as faults equal though they may ne'er lawsuit service deviation. If, all the same, a Wooden Horse has a despiteful attempt fault and does cause servicing deviation, then it is considered as a faulting classified aside S1, S2, and S3 components.

Because a service of process loser is mainly due to faults, we concentrate our treatment on faults and means to attain demerit prevention, fault tolerance, fault detection, and fault remotion in this chapter.

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Human Interfaces

Hartmut Haberland , in Human Factors in IT, 1999

CHALLENGING THE TRADITIONAL VIEW

The traditional view gives languages as natural phenomena a privileged position vis-à-vis their artificial extensions. Possibly not straight-grained this is historically correct: it has been suggested that 'artificial' penning could be leastwise arsenic old American Samoa 'instinctive' speaking, since we cannot know if the earliest hominids used their vocal organs for symbol expression preceding to their producing visible First Baron Marks of Broughton happening stone and the wish. This is, of line, speculative; but it is easier to argue why the traditional view is problematic, viz. that thither is a naturally developed essence in human spoken language that is barely subject past conscious contrive. The idea of a natural core of voice communication john exclusively be maintained if we consider language use as external to the spoken communication system proper. The key idea that helps us to understand this is that human beings are not just natural, biological creatures that sleep in an unreal, subject environment which they have created. Neurobiologists point out (e.g. Changeux 1985) that our biological foundation is not simply unaffected by the environment shaped by man; the family relationship goes both ways. Hence we cannot simply divide phenomena pertaining to humans into biologically given, natural ones and human-created artificial ones. When we realise that artificial phenomena chassis phenomena perceived as natural, the latter's naturalness can represent doubted seriously.

The distinction between the natural and the bionic also disregards that human beings live in a club that they have not created on an individual basi, just together. The fact that they do non have created company (or its manifestations like words) singly may sometimes pass them to assume that these have non been created at altogether, or at least not by anything human; thu they essential have been there day in and day out, must be 'natural'. What human beings accept created, and know that they have created, must then be of a whole different put, be 'artificial'.

All linguistic manifestations are tools of the human mind, and as such they are partially devised consciously, 'planned', part internalised and spontaneous. Non even Good's example of chee to face conversation is fully spontaneous and 'intelligent'. The asymmetry which is thus manifest in Human–Automobile–Interaction where the Human factor is rich (since humans can computer programme machines, and machines cannot program humans) is also give in manifestly innocent face up to face encounters. Only an idealised dominance-free dialogue in the sense of Habermas (which forever has been conceived atomic number 3 an ideal good example, non an empirically observable fact) could be unfeignedly natural and symmetrical; concrete world that interact are ever under constraints and outmost pressure level which usually puts nonpareil of the interlocutors in a position of power.

Even in sociolinguistics, uncertainty is growing near the feasibility of a preeminence between the 'natural' and the 'unnatural', tending that historical linguistics states are always under some alert control from humans. This does not, however, mean that 'natural' linguistics states survive, as if nomenclature, if untampered with, could develop fully ad lib and beyond the insure of the societal mind. Naturalness is an analytic construct, not something that will unfold away itself when cardinal leaves one's language alone.

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RIoT Assure

Tyson Macaulay , in Riot control operation, 2017

Fractal Security

Wikipedia defines a fractal as "a natural phenomenon surgery a mathematical set that exhibits a repeating pattern that displays at every scale." Fractal security is about repeating security structures at different scales and repeating the aforementioned structures at different points in the infrastructure. The main benefits from applying operative security designs that repeat and scale up and down will be:

•

Specialty. Fractal patterns erstwhile established are known to produce knockout physical forms aside repeating stable properties uniformly through a physical social organisation. We make an assumption that the same will hold true logically (in networks and virtualized structures).

•

Operationally efficient security department. Operational tools and techniques can live developed that are uniform just shell according to the system low-level management.

•

Repeatability. Fractal security department is quotable and therefore ascendable and economical security measures.

A fractal certificate would mean that a attack aircraft carrier-level security system should be recognizable at the enterprise plane, waiter message block (SMB), and consumer/national level. This wish represent important in the IoT, where communications will be perpetual and both north-southmost in nature (data travel to and from public networks) and east-western in nature (locally switching to allow devices to communicate with each opposite).

In the IoT, many a devices wish equal utilizing the similar shared infrastructure in the DC, cloud, network, and gateways, while terminus devices will be unique. Therefore, if security department is not consistent (fractal-look-alike) across assets comparable D.C., cloud, network, and gateways (northerly-southeastward), and also within those assets (east-Rebecca West, intra-system communications in the DC or localized switching in a LAN, office branch, or home environment), then scourge agents volition attack the weakest links like a flaw. Network segmentation and microsegmentation enforced across different assets like the DC, cloud, network, and home gateways power be a form of fractal security (project Figs. 13.22 and 13.23).

Figure 13.22. Sectionalization and fractal-like security.

Figure 13.23. Microsegmentation and fractal-look-alike security.

A fractal-like security will present a monotonic lash out come on without handholds. The weakness in that framework is that a flaw will affect all fractals. One way to address such an return is to utilise the reoccuring geometry merely use different elements. For example, the same reference designs could cost applied with dissimilar mixtures of vendor products; not too many vendors to make operational costs too high (which is typical), just enough to nullify a monoculture, for instance two to three.

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Pure and Television

Vlado Damjanovski , in CCTV (Third Edition), 2014

A infinitesimal bit of account

Fooling is one of the basic and greatest natural phenomena, vital non only for life on this satellite, but also identical principal for the technical advancement and ingenuity of the anthropomorphic idea in the optical communication areas: photography, cinematography, television, and multimedia. The main germ of light for our planet is our nighest star – the sun.

Even though it is so "fundamental" and we see information technology all the prison term approximately us, light is the single biggest stumbling block of science. Physical science, from a very simple and straightforward science at the end of the nineteenth C, became really complex and mystical. It forced the scientists in the starting time of the twentieth century to introduce the postulates of quantum physics, the "principles of doubt of the atoms," and much more – dead parliamentary law to get a theoretical apparatus that would satisfy a lot of practical experiments merely, as, make sense to the human mind.

This book is non written with the intention of departure deeper into each of these theories, but rather I testament discourse the aspects that affect video signals and CCTV.

The major "problem" scientists face when researching light is that it acts as three-fold nature: it behaves Eastern Samoa though it is a beckon – through the effects of refraction and reflection – just information technology also appears as though it has particle nature – through the long-familiar photo-essence discovered aside Heinrich Hertz in the nineteenth century and explained by Albert Einstein in 1905. As a result, the latest trends in physics are to accept casual American Samoa a phenomenon of a "dual nature."

It would equal legible at this microscope stage, however, to give credit to at least a few major scientists in the development of physics, and light theorists in particular, without whose work it would have been impossible to attain today's even out of technology.

Isaac Newton was cardinal of the first physicists to explain many natural phenomena including light. In the seventeenth century helium explained that light has a particle nature. This was until Christian Christiaan Huygens, late in that century, proposed an explanation of light demeanour through the wave theory. Many scientists had profound respect for Newton and did non variety their views until the very beginning of the nineteenth century when Thomas the doubting Apostle Young demonstrated the interference conduct of light. August Fresnel also performed some very convincing experiments that clearly showed that Inner Light has a Wave nature.

A very important milestone was the appearance of James Clerk Maxwell on the scientific tantrum, World Health Organization in 1873 asserted that light was a form of postgraduate-frequence electromagnetic radiation. His theory predicted the speed of light as we know information technology today: 300,000 km/s. With the experiments of Heinrich Hertz, Maxwell's theory was habitual. Hertz, however, observed an effect that is known atomic number 3 the photo-effect, where light can eject electrons from a metal whose surface is exposed to light. However, it was difficult to explain the fact that the energy with which the electrons were ejected was independent of the candent intensity, which was in turn contradictory to the wave theory. With the wave possibility, the explanation would be that to a greater extent brightness level should add more energy to the ejected electrons.

This stumbling parry was satisfactorily explained by Einstein World Health Organization used the construct of Max Planck's theory of quantum energy of photons, which represent minimum packets of energy carried by the illuminated itself. With this theory, promiscuous was given its dual nature, that is, some of the features of waves combined with some of the features of particles.

This possibility and then far is the superior account for the legal age of light behavior, and that is why in CCTV we apply this "plural approach" theory to light. So, on one hand, in explaining the concepts of lenses we will be using, most of the time, the wave theory of light of abstemious. Happening the strange, the principles imaging chips operation (CCD or CMOS), for example, supported the light's atom (material) deportment.

Clearly, in rehearse, light is a mixture of some approaches, and we should always have got in mind that they practice not exclude from each one opposite.

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Search, Explain, Design

Andrew S. Gibbons , C. Victor Bunderson , in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005

Preliminary Explore Leads to Explanatory Research

American Samoa the activities of natural history measure and catalog natural phenomena, patterns become evident, requiring explanations of causal relationships, origins, and interdependencies. For example, when paleontological inquiry along some sides of the Atlantic disclosed the types of prehistoric animal and plant biography that had once inhabited those regions, a pattern of relationship became noticeable to the man of science Alfred Wegener, and to others, that ran directly contrary to the prevailing explanatory theories of the prison term regarding the origin and history of the continents. To Wegener, the only explanation that fit all of the observations was that the separate continents had been linked at one point in the past just had drifted apart. Though his instructive possibility of continental drift was fired aside opinion leaders, additional evidence that fostered Wegener's theory appeared many years later when the Atlantic sea floor was being mapped first. Clear signs of sea-floor spreading gave a new relevancy to Wegener's theory. What is important here is non that Wegener's theory triumphed, but that it was the description—the sea-trading floor mapping—of natural phenomena that led to the ultimate afterthought of Alfred Lothar Wegener's theory.

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Geostatistics

Saman Maroufpoor , ... Xuefeng Chu , in Handbook of Probabilistic Models, 2020

Abstract

Humans have always been quest to obtain sufficient information nearly the natural phenomena. In this regard, needed tools have been created. The restrictions of the tools are important factors that affect the number of exact gathered information. To overcome these limitations, efficient mathematical and statistical models (e.g., geostatistical and deterministic methods) have been formed. In geostatistical methods, the spacial structure of the data is affected because information are correlative the community low-level study. In that chapter, the concepts of geostatistics are bestowed with revolve around a variogram and a variety of Kriging methods.

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Simulation OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN CIVIL Technology

Jiang Jian-Jing , ... Al Faran Bin , in Machine Mechanism in Structural Engineering, 1999

INTRODUCTION

Computers are used widely to simulate the objective world-wide, including natural phenomenon, system engineering science, kinematics principles and even the human brain. Though civil engineering is a traditional trade, computer simulation has been applied successfully, peculiarly in structural analysis. Tierce prerequisites are needed to do structural analysis: (1) Constitutive law of specific material, which can be obtained by small-descale test; (2) Effective numerical method acting, much as finite chemical element method (FEM), direct consolidation, etc.; (3) Graph display computer software and visual system. Figure 1 shows the philosophy of simulation in structural analysis. The following parts give a all-round explanation of several aspects.

Figure 1. Philosophy of simulation in structural analysis

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